Electrical measuring instrument



April 2s, 1925. y 1,535,587 R. D. EVANS ELECTRI CAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT Filed Feb. 13, 1920l 2 shts-sheet z Y K wlTNEssEs; 5938 44 39 38 INVENTOR Patented Apr. 28, 1925.

UNITED. STATES PATENT oFF-ICE,

ROBERT D. EVANS, OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO WESTINGIIOSE ELECTRIC & IYIANUFACTURING COMPANY, A CORPORATION 0F PENNSYLVANIA.

ELECTRICAL MEASURING ITNSTRUMENT.

1/ To all whom t may concern Be it known that I, ROBERT D. EVANS, a citizen of the United States, and a resident -of Pittsburgh, in the county of Allegheny 5 and State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Electrical B'Ieasuring Instruments, of which the following is a specication.

My invention relates to measuring systems symmetrical components polyphase quantities.

One object of my invention is to provide a static system whereby ordinary measuring instruments may be employed to indicate the symmetrical components of' the imbalanced quantities of an electrical system.

Anothercbject of my invention is to provide a device of the above. mentioned,charac- 0 ter that shall indicate a factor which may be employed in the determination of the charges for electrical energy.

A further object of my invention is to provide a device of the above indicated character that shall be simple and. inexpensive to construct and that shall be effective and accurate in its operation.

Cepending application, Serial No. 358,373, filed Feb. 13, 1920, by C. LeG. Fortescue, L. IV. Chubb and J. Slepian, discloses the broad principle of measuring the symmetrical components of the unbalanced quantities of a system, and also sets forth the fact that some means must he employed to indi cate the charge to be imposed on a customer .for consuming` his load as single-phase because it is a Well known fact that when a polyphase circuit is unbalancedthe capacityr of the generator and the feeder conductors i0 is reduced.

It may be pointed out that power-factor meters and reactive volt-ampere meters which indicate correctly on a balanced system indicate incorrectly on an unbalanced system; It may also be pointed out that any unbalanced polyphase system of electrical quantities may be resolved intotwo or more balanced or symmetrical systems Which, in a three-phase three conductor system, may be termed the Zero, the positive and the lcounter or negative rotational components.

and particularly to means for measuring the of unbalanced nient and the circuit.

equivalent to 360 Application 'filed February 13, 1920. Serial No. 358,440.

That is, the voltage, current or Vany o,ther 4 electrical quantity Ain a three-phase unbalanced circuit maybe resolved into a zero phase-sequence component, a positivephasesequence component and a 'negative phasesequence component.I The Zero .phase-se quence component is vzerounder usual conditions in a three-phase three-conductor cir-v cuit. positive symmetrical phase-sequence quantities is a measure of the imbalance of the quantitiesof a system and may'be used to charge for energy consumed.

In practicing my invention, I employ the broad principles set forth in the above men tioned application, but,- I do not require the use of rotating apparatus and I employ also ordinary measuring instruments. This is accomplished bythe use of a transformer and resistors and reactors or impedance devices connected between the standard instru- The instrument will indicate either the positive or the' negative phase-sequence component, depending upon the connection of the transformers to the circuit. i i

By employing resistors and reactors having proper relative reactances and impedances, I am able to scgregatethe several symmetrical components into which an unbalanced polyphase quantity m-ayfbe resolved and may then measure any one of .such components alone or may combine them quantities or prod- S5 to obtain any desirable ucts of quantities.

The positive and the negative phase-se quence components into which an unbalanced polyphase quantityv may be resolved comprise a plurality of single or vector ele- 90 ments that are displaced by an angle that is N Where N is the n urnber of phases. `In a three-phase circuit, the diiferent elements of a symmetrical component are spaced 120? apart. The Zero phase-sev qnence component, however, consists merely of quantities that are in phase and are not angularly displaced, as are the several elements of the positive andthe negative phasesequence components; .t

The ratio of the negative and the 60".

Figures l and 2 of the d 'awiiigs are diagrammatic views of a measuring device for indicating the direct and counter'- rotational voltage components, respectively, ot' an electrical circuit, Fig. 3 isa diagrammatic view of a relay device actuated in accordance with one symmetrical voltage component of the circuit.A Figs. 4 and 5 are diagrammatic views ot a measuring device for indicating the direct and .counterrotatioiial current components, respectively, ot' an electrical circuit.- Figs. (i and 7 are diagrammatic lviews of a measuring instrument for indicating the direct and the counter-rotational components,- respectively. of the reactive power ot' an electrical circuit.

` Figs. 8 and 9 are diagrammatic views of an -Fil electrical measuring device for indicatingdirect and counter-rotational-components, respectively, of the power traversing an "electrical circuit. Fig. 10 is a diagramn'iatic View ot an instrument for indicating the symmetrical components -of the ampere hours traversing thecircuit. Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic view of a measuringinstruvment for measuring the product of the divrect rotational voltage. the counter-rota-v tional current and the co-siiie of the angle therebetween, as in a wattmeter. and Fig. 12

.is a diagrammatic view of a measuring instrument for measuring the product of they direct rotational voltage, the counter-rota- .tional current and tl-ie sine of the angle therebetween as in a reactive-.con'iponent meter. y

A polypliase circuit 1 comprises' conductors 2, 3 and 4 upon which is impressed an unbalanced'voltage or upon which the load is so unbalanced as to cause the voltage thereon to be unbalanced. An ordinary voltmeter 5 is connected to the secondary winding 6 of a transformer 7 having a core vmember 8 and two primary windings 9 and 10. The c ominon terminal of the windings 9v and 10 is connected, through a conductor v11, to the conductor 3. The one terminal .oi

the winding) is connected. through a resistor 12, to the conductor 2` and the other terminal of the winding 10 is connected,` -through a. reactor 13 and a resistor 14. to

the conductor 4. The resistor 12 is ot such high resistance that the current traversing the winding -9 is in phase with the voltage across the conductors 2 and Ihe impedance of the reactor'13 and the resistor 14 is of suoli value that the current traversing the winding 10 lags 60 behind the volt# and 4. rlhe windings 9 'and 10 are connectedin opposition to Leach other.v g

l/Vith the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 of the drawings, magnetic flux is induced iu the core member 8`of the transformer 7 to therebyicause current to traverse the instru--- `me'iit-,wh'en a balanced' polypnase voltage Vthe other terminals of the winding 9.

-of predetermined phase sequence exists on -the' circuit.

other .phase sequence is applied to the circuit. lt willl be seen that, with the connecv tions shown in Fig. 1, the resulting .flux interlinking the winding 6 and, consequently, the` currents traversing the instruiii'ent are proportionalv to the -direct rotational component of the unbalanced voltage ini-.. l

pressed on thecircuit 1. lf the conductor 11 and the circuit comprising the resistor 14 and the reactor13are reversed'in their connection to the circuit 1, as shown in Fig.V 2, the voltmeter -5 will be supplied vwitl'i--current which is proportional to thecounter-..- v

rotational component of the unbalanced voltageimpressed on the circuit 1`.

In Fig. 3 of the drawings, a circuit 15 comprises four conductors 16, 17, 18 and 19,

the conductor 19 of which is a neutral cons. ductor. Ari electrofresponsive device 20,

"such as a relay, is connected to the secondary.

winding 21 of a transformer 22 having three. primary windings 23,24 and 25,vv one terminal of each of the windings 2. 24 and 25l being connected to the neutral-conductor 19 and the other .terminals of the windings n,

24 and 25 being connected, through 'the equal resistors 26, 27 and28; to the respective conductors 16, 17 and 18.-;Vith this". ino 0 arrangement, the device 20 will be operated when the sum of the voltage drops across the various phases is not zero. indicates the zero phase-sequence` component. In other words, whenever a fault obtains on the'device z-(notshown)v that is to be protected. voltage will be induced in the winding 21 to eii'ect the operation ot lthe relay 20. .In Figs. 4 and 5, the three-phase circuit 1 is operatively connected, through the trans- That is, .iti :former 7, to an animeter 29., A series transf former 30 is connected, through a conduc-l tor 31, to the common terminals of the windings 9 and 10 and, through a resistor 32, to

Simi-' larly, a series tiaiisicoiiiiei- -33 is connected, through thc conductor 31.,.to'vthe common terminals ot' the windings 9 and10`a-iid, through-a resistor- 34, to the other terminalotthewinding 10. A resistor 35 is connected across the terminals of the transformer 30, and a resistor3G`fandA a reactor 37 are connected, in series, across the tcr.-

minals-ot" the transiforiner,33.l Vith the ar- Yrangement shown iuv Figs. 4 and 5, vthe resistor 35 has avoltage impressed-therea'crossf A which is proportional to the current travers ingthe conductor 2 of the circuit 1, and the resistor 36 and reactor 37 have a volta-'ge g impressed thereacross which' is proportional ne' ted 'as shown in Fig. 4, the direct rotational component ot thecurrent traversing' the circuit jt and, when connected as shown in Fig. 5, the counter-rotationalcomponent 'of the current traversinef theV circuit l.

' In Fig. G of the drawings, the circuit l is changed.

provided with a wattlneter 38 which is sap-- plied with two currents, one ot which is proportional to-the direct rotational voltage and ,the other of which `is proportional to the direct rotational current to thus cause the meter 381e indicate the direct rotational reactive power traversing; the circuit l. The volt-aire winding 3f) of theineter ffl-8 is connected to thesecondary windingl 40 of a transformer stl, the two primaryv windings 'l2 and 43 of whih are connected in opposition to each other and. through a resistor l2 and a resistor lf'and a react-or 13. to the circuit 1. The current windingT '4l-li ot' a meter S8 is connected to the secondariY windine' 45. ot a transformer 46, the Fpriinaiwf windine's fl?" and 48 of which are connect-cd. throufeh resistors '3Q and 34. to the current trz'instormers SO and similar to the connections shown in Figs. el' and 5 ot the drawings. lith this arrangement. the windinef will be supplied with current in accin'd nee with the direct rotational coin-v ponent of the voltage impressed on the circuit l. The winding); 44 will be provided with currentproportion to the direct rotational component ot the current traversiirel the cirruit but with such phase relation that the meter will indicate the produit ot theseptwo quantities and the sine ot the ane'le therebetween and, since the)7 are taken in such direction as to obtain the reactice component ot the-product. or the direct rotational component ot the reactive power traversing' the circuit l.

in Fie'. T of the drawings. the meter is connected. throun'h the transliorniers ll and 4G, to the circuit l su-hfstantiall)v as shown in Figi. G. with the exception that the transformer 553 is connected to they coni---r 3 instead oi' to the conductor 4. and the ter- `iinals of' the resistors 1Q and 113 are inter lilith this arrangement, the winding 39 is provided with current proportional to the counter-rotational component olr the voltage and the winding' ist with current proportional to the counter-rotational current traversing the circuit, and the instrument 38 will, consequently, indicate in ac-l `shown in Fig. 9.

,1. substantially las shown in Fie'.

cordanre' with the counteraotational coinponent of the react-ive power traversing the circuit l.:

In Figs. S and 9 of the drawings. the windings Si) and s L ot the ineter i aresupplied withtwo currents proportional to vthe dir ert-rotationalw voltaire andthe directwotational current. in one-instance, and to thel counter-rotational voltage and counter-ro` tational current. in the other instance. thus indicating' the .directsrotatimial power when connected as shown in Fig'. v8 andA the counter-rotational power when connected as ln Fin. l() of .the drawings. an amperehour inet-er 459 is connected to the secondary winding' 4 5 of the transformer 4G. the primary windings 4T and 48 ot which are con nected'in series'with the transformers 5l() and 31% that are associated with the circuit 5 o t the dra-wings.

lith this arrangement. the nieter 4t) is supplied .with current proportional to the vvcouliter-rotational component of the currentk traversingY the circuit l and` since the meter' 49 is a motor inete'r, it will indicate the counter-rotational ampere hours which con.-

stitute a measure of' the ampere-hour nnbalance ot the circuit.

ln Fig'fll. the windingslo'l the incter Clt are providefl wit-h currents proportional to the direct-rotational voitae'c and counterrotational current and are so coinl'iined that the nicter 3S measures a factor which is the product ei dirretaotational reltagmcountew rotational current a fl the. eo-sine. ot the :infile therebetween. similar to the indication ot a wattineter.

la Fie". l ot the drawins` the windines and l ot the ineter SS are sujiplied with currents proportional to the direct-rotation al voltaire and the counter-ri:tational current and the)v ere ccinbined to produce au iiidication ot the nzeter BS proportional to the product et these values and the sine of the angle."therrhetwecm inthe manner of a reative-component meter.

The operation ot' the various arrf'ingemcnts for obtaining; the power reactive component and ampere-hour 'factors are similar tothe operation ol the device shown and described with Vesper-t to Fie'. l of the drawings. lt will lie iniderstmulpi hoivrw'er. that the windnejs are so connected to the circuit as to obtain the proiier phase relationship between the voltage and the current in order that the direct or counter-rotational component may he obtained and, also. the. phase relation; .ship between the current and the voltage is such as to obtain power or reactive Components. as desired.

My invention provides ineans for determining* several factors which are valuable in determining the proper charge to be made quantities angularly'l displaced `by grecs.

v llarly displaced by ,degrees A.

linto a plurality of-balanced systems. j Many changes may be made in my invention-'Without departing from the spirit and scopeY of the same, as set forth in the appended claims.

l claim as my invention :l .1. In an N-polyphase circu transformer, of static meansincludingi'said. transformer connected between the'. device-1 and the circuit to cause the device ltobe energized from the circuit iny arcordance4 with one symmetrical component of a polyphase electrical quantity, whichcomponent' comprises a-fplurality of single phase vector stationary means connected between the' d esy'mmetrical component ofapolyphase electionwithfan velectrofresponsive device, of

stationary, electrical means connected loetween the device and the, circuitl to Vcause lfthe device'toibe actuatedin accordance vwithA l a phase-sequence component of a poly}; has`e'1l 'electrical quantity, fwh'ich component com; prises a plurality -of2vector quantities. enga- 4. In an 'N-polyph-ase circuit, the combination with' an electro-responsive device; ofa,

plurality Vof impedances connected between,V n

the device andthe circuit to-'causethe device -to be energized -in accordance withaiphas sequencecomponen't of a polypliase electrical; quantity, 'which component comprises a plu#` rality 'of vector quantities angularly displaced v M 5. Infan'l\T-polypl1asecircuit,'thecombina-A tion Iwith a standard 'alternatingfcuirent measuring lnstrum'entfof stationary means connected between the yinstrument and the Circuit to cause :the instrumentto in dicate A a quantity which/1s one of a set of symmetri- 3.4 In an Nipolyphase circuit, lthe combina- 1'- rents ofthe circuit maybe resolved, in which "set the `quantities are dfangularly displaced degrees.

j 6', A measuring device .fora polyphase cir-l l cuit.comprisin'ganindicating instrument, 'a l 1t, the combina- 'tion with anelectro-responsive Vdeyice and a plurality `of resistors and reactors connected to'v thecircuit, 'ada transformer connected fusa a bie-responsive :fio one' Phase'sequence component of the 'quantities ofthe circuit.

. -"Z, A-device for measuring A'the amount of imbalance of apolyphasecircuit comprising 'a single-phase measuring` instrument, va

transformerhaving two primary windings o ieisecondary winding', means forfconne'cting'the instrument acrossl the secondary' In an N-polyphase circuit, the' combina-ff tion with .an electro-'responsive device, of

winding, and means' having such character! 'with anfelectrdresponsive device, of' impe-v istics'ajndso vconnected bel'gveen the circuit andthe other windings thatthe 'instrument `vice andv the circuit to cause the device to be actuated in" accordance with the Value of.a l` j t'rical quantity,= which component comprises plurality of lvector vquantities .angularly' Adances having such"I characteristics and.V ds- A cuit 'thatthe-device will be actuated in ac- "lposed to so'connectthe device: tothe cr-' i cordance-Withv one symmetrical compon'entof afiinbalaneedpolyphase electrical 'quantity traversing thecircu-it@ edfbyyggdegrees eiiists in said circuit.

polyphase' circuit, the combination ,withan electro-responsive device,Y ofa' winding connected across theterminals of theeleotro-responswedevice, and means conne'ctedtol the' circuit for causing a magnetic fiufx' :toA 'interlink with .said' Winding only 9. Ina'n N-polyphase circuit, the combination with an electro-responsive device, of a j 'WiridiIg` Vconnected to saididevice, and means' fpr' causing a vmagnetic flux to interlink the saidwinding onlywhen a balanced poly wheiifalialanced"polyphase quantity ofipredetermined-phase sequence exists on said circuitry In testimony-whereof, have'hereunto subv scribed my name this-9th day of February,

ROBERT D. Evans; 

